Section 2: Option (Maybe) Functor and Monad

Option (also called Maybe) is a container for handling the possibility of missing values. It expresses the presence or absence of a value in the type, as a safer alternative to null or undefined.

• Functor: Applies a function only if a value is present (map).
• Monad: Allows safe chaining of computations, even if the value disappears along the way (flatMap).

Option is used to safely handle failures or missing values.